This blog will attempt to explain how to convert a binary integer into hexadecimal (Base16), back, and how to understand text encoded into binary. Again, this is with unsigned bits. (I just am not 01100100% sure of 2's compliment.)

What is Hexadecimal (Base16)? Well, consider the following:

If we split a byte in the middle, we get two Nybbles. (Yes, yes, I know, the food puns.)

Let's say we split 100 (01100100) Into (01100000) + (00000100) and get rid of the excess zeros so that we change each bits position.

0110 ; 0100

Remember, position matters. Just remember that.

So, a nybble has sixteen possible values, because 1111 equals a max of 15 and 0000
equals the least possible value of 0.

0110 equals 6 ; 0100 equals 4

Now, in Base16, the possible values are:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A (10)
B (11)
C (12)
D (13)
E (14)
F (15)

Remember that each nybble has to be in proper position. So 100 in binary is 01100100 and that in hexadecimal is (64).

To find a hexadecimal's integer value, for instance BF, we convert each value into a nybble, positions in mind.

1011 1111

Which is 10110000 + 00001111

To get, laugh out loud, 10111111
Which equals 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 159

With that out of the way, let's focus on text.

This is pretty fun to understand. Consider that letter A is the first letter in the English alphabet, because it is. So, what is 1 in binary? 00000001.
But a property of our alphabet is case. Upper case A is A. Lowercase A is a. What the hell did you just read?

Anyways, hopefully you'll be able to remember this:
If the character is in uppercase, the first three bits from the left will be 010.
If the character is in lowercase, the first three bits from the left will be 011.

Uppercase is less~

So A becomes 01000001
a becomes 01100001

AND IN HEXADECIMAL
A becomes 41
a becomes 61

Aa becomes 41 61

There you have it. As a challenge, translate this word into Base16:
"Pie"